中華人民共和國外國國家豁免法
（2023年9月1日第十四屆全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會第五次會議通過）
第一條??為了健全外國國家豁免制度，明確中華人民共和國的法院對涉及外國國家及其財產(chǎn)民事案件的管轄,，保護當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益，維護國家主權(quán)平等,，促進對外友好交往,，根據(jù)憲法，制定本法,。
第二條??本法所稱的外國國家包括：
（一）外國主權(quán)國家,；
（二）外國主權(quán)國家的國家機關(guān)或者組成部分；
（三）外國主權(quán)國家授權(quán)行使主權(quán)權(quán)力且基于該項授權(quán)從事活動的組織或者個人,。
第三條??外國國家及其財產(chǎn)在中華人民共和國的法院享有管轄豁免,，本法另有規(guī)定的除外。
第四條??外國國家通過下列方式之一明示就特定事項或者案件接受中華人民共和國的法院管轄的,，對于就該事項或者案件提起的訴訟,，該外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免：
（一）國際條約；
（二）書面協(xié)議；
（三）向處理案件的中華人民共和國的法院提交書面文件,；
（四）通過外交渠道等方式向中華人民共和國提交書面文件,；
（五）其他明示接受中華人民共和國的法院管轄的方式。
第五條??外國國家有下列情形之一的,，視為就特定事項或者案件接受中華人民共和國的法院管轄：
（一）作為原告向中華人民共和國的法院提起訴訟,；
（二）作為被告參加中華人民共和國的法院受理的訴訟，并就案件實體問題答辯或者提出反訴,；
（三）作為第三人參加中華人民共和國的法院受理的訴訟,；
（四）在中華人民共和國的法院作為原告提起訴訟或者作為第三人提出訴訟請求時，由于與該起訴或者該訴訟請求相同的法律關(guān)系或者事實被提起反訴,。
外國國家有前款第二項規(guī)定的情形,，但能夠證明其作出上述答辯之前不可能知道有可主張豁免的事實的，可以在知道或者應(yīng)當(dāng)知道該事實后的合理時間內(nèi)主張管轄豁免,。
第六條??外國國家有下列情形之一的,，不視為接受中華人民共和國的法院管轄：
（一）僅為主張豁免而應(yīng)訴答辯；
（二）外國國家的代表在中華人民共和國的法院出庭作證,；
（三）同意在特定事項或者案件中適用中華人民共和國的法律,。
第七條??外國國家與包括中華人民共和國在內(nèi)的其他國家的組織或者個人進行的商業(yè)活動，在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)發(fā)生,，或者雖然發(fā)生在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域外但在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)生直接影響的,，對于該商業(yè)活動引起的訴訟，該外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免,。
本法所稱商業(yè)活動是指非行使主權(quán)權(quán)力的關(guān)于貨物或者服務(wù)的交易,、投資、借貸以及其他商業(yè)性質(zhì)的行為,。中華人民共和國的法院在認定一項行為是否屬于商業(yè)活動時,，應(yīng)當(dāng)綜合考慮該行為的性質(zhì)和目的。
第八條??外國國家為獲得個人提供的勞動或者勞務(wù)而簽訂的合同全部或者部分在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)履行的,，對于因該合同引起的訴訟,，該外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免，但有下列情形之一的除外：
（一）獲得個人提供的勞動或者勞務(wù)是為了履行該外國國家行使主權(quán)權(quán)力的特定職能,；
（二）提供勞動或者勞務(wù)的個人是外交代表,、領(lǐng)事官員、享有豁免的國際組織駐華代表機構(gòu)工作人員或者其他享有相關(guān)豁免的人員,；
（三）提供勞動或者勞務(wù)的個人在提起訴訟時具有該外國國家的國籍,，并且在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)沒有經(jīng)常居所；
（四）該外國國家與中華人民共和國另有協(xié)議,。
第九條??對于外國國家在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的相關(guān)行為造成人身傷害,、死亡或者造成動產(chǎn)、不動產(chǎn)損失引起的賠償訴訟，該外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免,。
第十條??對于下列財產(chǎn)事項的訴訟,，外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免：
（一）該外國國家對位于中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的不動產(chǎn)的任何權(quán)益或者義務(wù)；
（二）該外國國家對動產(chǎn),、不動產(chǎn)的贈與,、遺贈、繼承或者因無人繼承而產(chǎn)生的任何權(quán)益或者義務(wù),；
（三）在管理信托財產(chǎn),、破產(chǎn)財產(chǎn)或者進行法人、非法人組織清算時涉及該外國國家的權(quán)益或者義務(wù),。
第十一條??對于下列知識產(chǎn)權(quán)事項的訴訟,，外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免：
（一）確定該外國國家受中華人民共和國法律保護的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬及相關(guān)權(quán)益；
（二）該外國國家在中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)侵害受中華人民共和國法律保護的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)及相關(guān)權(quán)益,。
第十二條??外國國家與包括中華人民共和國在內(nèi)的其他國家的組織或者個人之間的商業(yè)活動產(chǎn)生的爭議,，根據(jù)書面協(xié)議被提交仲裁的，或者外國國家通過國際投資條約等書面形式同意將其與包括中華人民共和國在內(nèi)的其他國家的組織或者個人產(chǎn)生的投資爭端提交仲裁的,，對于需要法院審查的下列事項,，該外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免：
（一）仲裁協(xié)議的效力；
（二）仲裁裁決的承認和執(zhí)行,；
（三）仲裁裁決的撤銷,；
（四）法律規(guī)定的其他由中華人民共和國的法院對仲裁進行審查的事項。
第十三條??外國國家的財產(chǎn)在中華人民共和國的法院享有司法強制措施豁免,。
外國國家接受中華人民共和國的法院管轄,，不視為放棄司法強制措施豁免。
第十四條??有下列情形之一的,，外國國家的財產(chǎn)在中華人民共和國的法院不享有司法強制措施豁免：
（一）外國國家以國際條約,、書面協(xié)議或者向中華人民共和國的法院提交書面文件等方式明示放棄司法強制措施豁免；
（二）外國國家已經(jīng)撥出或者專門指定財產(chǎn)用于司法強制措施執(zhí)行,；
（三）為執(zhí)行中華人民共和國的法院的生效判決,、裁定，對外國國家位于中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi),、用于商業(yè)活動且與訴訟有聯(lián)系的財產(chǎn)采取司法強制措施。
第十五條??下列外國國家的財產(chǎn)不視為本法第十四條第三項規(guī)定的用于商業(yè)活動的財產(chǎn)：
（一）外交代表機構(gòu),、領(lǐng)事機構(gòu),、特別使團、駐國際組織代表團或者派往國際會議的代表團用于,、意圖用于公務(wù)的財產(chǎn),，包括銀行賬戶款項；
（二）屬于軍事性質(zhì)的財產(chǎn)，或者用于,、意圖用于軍事的財產(chǎn),；
（三）外國和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟一體化組織的中央銀行或者履行中央銀行職能的金融管理機構(gòu)的財產(chǎn)，包括現(xiàn)金,、票據(jù),、銀行存款、有價證券,、外匯儲備,、黃金儲備以及該中央銀行或者該履行中央銀行職能的金融管理機構(gòu)的不動產(chǎn)和其他財產(chǎn)；
（四）構(gòu)成該國文化遺產(chǎn)或者檔案的一部分,，且非供出售或者意圖出售的財產(chǎn),；
（五）用于展覽的具有科學(xué)、文化,、歷史價值的物品,，且非供出售或者意圖出售的財產(chǎn)；
（六）中華人民共和國的法院認為不視為用于商業(yè)活動的其他財產(chǎn),。
第十六條??對于外國國家及其財產(chǎn)民事案件的審判和執(zhí)行程序,，本法沒有規(guī)定的，適用中華人民共和國的民事訴訟法律以及其他相關(guān)法律的規(guī)定,。
第十七條??中華人民共和國的法院向外國國家送達傳票或者其他訴訟文書,，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照下列方式進行：
（一）該外國國家與中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者共同參加的國際條約規(guī)定的方式；
（二）該外國國家接受且中華人民共和國法律不禁止的其他方式,。
通過前款方式無法完成送達的,，可以通過外交照會方式送交該外國國家外交部門，外交照會發(fā)出之日視為完成送達,。
按照本條第一款,、第二款規(guī)定的方式進行送達的訴訟文書，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照該外國國家與中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者共同參加的國際條約的規(guī)定附上有關(guān)語言的譯本,，沒有相關(guān)國際條約的,，附上該外國國家官方語言的譯本。
向外國國家送達起訴狀副本時,，應(yīng)當(dāng)一并通知該外國國家在收到起訴狀副本后三個月內(nèi)提出答辯狀,。
外國國家在對其提起的訴訟中就實體問題答辯后，不得再就訴訟文書的送達方式提出異議,。
第十八條??經(jīng)送達完成,，外國國家未在中華人民共和國的法院指定期限內(nèi)出庭的，法院應(yīng)當(dāng)主動查明該外國國家是否享有管轄豁免,。對于外國國家在中華人民共和國的法院不享有管轄豁免的案件,，法院可以缺席判決,，但應(yīng)當(dāng)在訴訟文書送達之日的六個月以后。
中華人民共和國的法院對外國國家作出的缺席判決,，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照本法第十七條的規(guī)定送達,。
外國國家對中華人民共和國的法院缺席判決提起上訴的期限為六個月，從判決書送達之日起計算,。
第十九條??中華人民共和國外交部就以下有關(guān)國家行為的事實問題出具的證明文件,，中華人民共和國的法院應(yīng)當(dāng)采信：
（一）案件中的相關(guān)國家是否構(gòu)成本法第二條第一項中的外國主權(quán)國家；
（二）本法第十七條規(guī)定的外交照會是否送達以及何時送達,；
（三）其他有關(guān)國家行為的事實問題,。
對于前款以外其他涉及外交事務(wù)等重大國家利益的問題，中華人民共和國外交部可以向中華人民共和國的法院出具意見,。
第二十條??本法規(guī)定不影響外國的外交代表機構(gòu),、領(lǐng)事機構(gòu)、特別使團,、駐國際組織代表團,、派往國際會議的代表團及上述機構(gòu)的相關(guān)人員根據(jù)中華人民共和國的法律、中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約享有的特權(quán)與豁免,。
本法規(guī)定不影響外國國家元首,、政府首腦、外交部長及其他具有同等身份的官員根據(jù)中華人民共和國的法律,、中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約以及國際習(xí)慣享有的特權(quán)與豁免,。
第二十一條??外國給予中華人民共和國國家及其財產(chǎn)的豁免待遇低于本法規(guī)定的，中華人民共和國實行對等原則,。
第二十二條??中華人民共和國締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約同本法有不同規(guī)定的,，適用該國際條約的規(guī)定，但中華人民共和國聲明保留的條款除外,。
第二十三條??本法自2024年1月1日起施行,。
The Law of the People’s Republic of China on
Foreign State Immunity
（Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People’s Congress on September 1， 2023）
Article 1??
This Law is enacted pursuant to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China to improve China’s foreign state immunity system?and?define the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China over civil cases involving a foreign State and its property?with a view to?protecting?the lawful rights and interests of the parties concerned,， safeguarding?the sovereign?equality?of States,， and promoting?friendly exchanges with other countries．
Article 2
In this Law， a foreign State means：
1．?a foreign?sovereign State,；
2．?a?State?organ or a?constituent part?of a foreign sovereign State,；?or
3．?an organization or an individual，?authorized by a foreign sovereign State,， that?exercises?sovereign authority and conducts?activities in accordance with such authorization．
Article?3
Unless otherwise provided by this Law,， a foreign State and its property enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China．
Article 4
A foreign State?shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China in proceedings instituted with regard to a particular matter or case?if it?has?expressly?submitted to the?jurisdiction of?the courts of the People’s Republic of China with regard to?the matter or case：
1．?in an international treaty；
2．?in a written agreement,；
3．?in a written document filed with the court of the People’s Republic of China handling?the?case,；
4．?in a written document submitted to the People’s Republic of China through diplomatic or other channels； or
5．?in other manner of express submission to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China．
Article 5
A foreign State shall be considered as having submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China with regard to a particular matter or case if it has：
1．?instituted proceedings?in a court of the People’s Republic of China as a plaintiff,；
2．?participated in proceedings?before a court of the People’s Republic of China as a defendant,， and made a defense?on?the merits of the case or a counterclaim；
3．?participated in proceedings?before a court of the People’s Republic of China as a third party,；?or
4．?been counterclaimed on the basis of the same legal relationship or?facts?during proceedings?it instituted as a plaintiff or?in the claims?it made as a third party?before a court of the People’s Republic of China．
Notwithstanding the provision of sub－paragraph 2 of the preceding paragraph,， where a foreign State?can prove that it could not have?acquired knowledge of?facts on which a claim to immunity can be based until after it made the defense， it can claim immunity within?a reasonable period?after it knew or ought to have known about those facts．
Article 6
A foreign State shall not be considered as having submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China if：
1．?it makes a defense for the sole purpose of claiming immunity,；
2．?its representative appears before a court of the People’s Republic of China as a witness,； or
3．?it consents to the application of the law of the People’s Republic of China to a particular matter or case．
Article 7
A foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the?courts?of the People’s Republic of China?in any?proceedings?arising out of a commercial activity?between the?foreign State and an organization or an individual of another State?including the People’s Republic of China， which takes place in the territory?of the People’s Republic of China,， or?takes place outside the territory?of the People’s Republic of China?but causes?a direct effect in the territory?of the People’s Republic of China．
In?this Law,，?a commercial activity?means any?act of transaction of goods or?services，?investment,， lending,，?or any other act of a commercial nature，?which is not an exercise of sovereign authority．?The courts of the People’s Republic of China,，?in determining whether an act is a commercial activity,，?shall consider all factors relating to the nature and purpose of the act．
Article 8
A foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China in any proceedings arising out of a contract concluded by the foreign State?for labor or services?provided by an?individual where the contract is performed， in whole or in part,， in the territory of the People’s Republic of China,， except where：
1．?the procurement of?labor or services?provided by the individual is for the purpose of performing specific functions in the exercise of sovereign authority?of the foreign State；
2．?the individual providing labor or services?is?a diplomatic agent,， a consular officer,， a staff of a representative office of an international organization in China enjoying immunity， or any other personnel enjoying?the relevant immunity,；
3．?the individual?providing labor or services,， at the time when the proceedings are instituted， is a?national of the?foreign State and has no habitual residence in the?territory of the People’s Republic of China,； or
4．?the?foreign State has agreed otherwise with the People’s Republic of China．
Article 9
A foreign State shall?not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China in any proceedings for compensation arising out of personal injury or death or damage to?or loss of movable or immovable property caused by the relevant?conduct of the?foreign State in the territory of the People’s Republic of China．
Article 10
A foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China in any proceedings concerning property matters in?respect?of：
1．?any rights,， interests or obligations of the?foreign State in immovable property located in the territory of the People’s Republic of China；
2．?any rights,， interests or obligations of the?foreign State in movable or immovable property arising by way of gift,， testamentary gift， succession or vacant succession,； or
3．?rights,， interests or obligations of the?foreign State in the management of trust property or bankruptcy estate， or in the liquidation process of a legal person or an unincorporated organization．
Article 11
A foreign State shall?not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China in any proceedings concerning intellectual property matters in respect?of：
1．?the determination of ownership and related rights and interests in an intellectual property of the?foreign State that is protected by the law of the People’s Republic of China,； or
2．?the infringement by the?foreign State,， in the territory of the People’s Republic of China,， of an intellectual property and related rights and interests protected by the law of the People’s Republic of China．
Article 12
If a foreign State
●has entered?into an agreement in writing according to which a dispute arising out of?a commercial activity?between the foreign State?and an?organization or?an individual of another State， including the People’s Republic of China,， is submitted to arbitration,；?or
●has agreed?in an international investment treaty or otherwise in writing?to submit an investment dispute?between?the foreign State?and?an?organization or an individual of another?State， including the People’s Republic of China,，?to arbitration,，
the?foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of?the?courts?of the People’s Republic of China in the following matters which are subject to review by the courts：
1．?the validity?of the arbitration agreement；
2．?the recognition and enforcement of the arbitration award,；
3．?setting aside of the arbitration award,； or
4．?other matters related to arbitration?which are subject to review by?the courts of the People’s Republic of China as provided by the law．
Article 13
The property of a foreign State enjoys immunity from compulsory judicial measures in the courts of the People’s Republic of China．
Submission by a foreign State to the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China shall not be considered as its waiver of immunity from compulsory judicial measures．
Article 14
The property of a foreign State shall not enjoy immunity from compulsory judicial measures in the courts of the People’s Republic of China if：
1．?the foreign State?has expressly waived immunity from compulsory judicial measures?by an international treaty， a?written agreement,，?a written document filed?with?a?court of the People’s Republic of China,， or other?means；
2．?the foreign State?has?allocated or earmarked?the property for the enforcement of compulsory judicial measures,；?or
3．?the compulsory judicial?measures are taken to enforce?a valid judgment or ruling?rendered by?a?court of the People’s Republic of China,， and?the?property of the?foreign State?is located?in the territory of the People’s Republic of China， used?for a commercial activity,， and connected to?the proceedings．
Article 15
The following property of a foreign State?shall not be considered as property used?for?a commercial activity?provided for in sub－paragraph 3 of Article 14 of this Law：
1．?property,， including?bank account， of diplomatic?missions,，?consular posts,，?special missions,，?missions?to international organizations,， and delegations to international conferences,， which?is?used for the performance of official?functions?or intended for such use；
2．?property of a military?character,，?or property which is used for military purpose?or intended for such use,；
3．?property of the?central bank?or a?financial regulatory administration?exercising central bank?functions of?a foreign State?or of a regional?economic integration?organization， including cash,， notes,， bank deposits， securities,， foreign exchange reserves,， gold reserves，?and the immovable property and other property of the central bank or a?financial regulatory administration?exercising?central bank?functions,；
4．?property which forms?part of the cultural heritage or archives?of a?foreign State,， and?which is not?placed?or intended?to be placed?for?sale；
5．?object of scientific,， cultural or historical value?used?for exhibition,， which is not?placed or intended to be placed for sale?as property,；?and
6．?other property which?a court of the People’s Republic of China?considers as not being used?for a commercial activity．
Article 16
Where there is no applicable provision in this Law， the civil procedure law and other relevant laws of the People’s Republic of China?shall apply to the adjudication and enforcement proceedings of?civil?cases involving?a foreign State?and its property．
Article 17
The courts of the People’s Republic of China shall effect?service of writs of summons or such other litigation documents?on a foreign State in accordance with：
1．?the means specified in?international treaties to which the foreign State and the?People’s Republic of China?are contracting or acceding parties,； or
2．?other means?accepted by the?foreign State?and?not precluded by the law of the People’s Republic of China．
Where the service cannot be effected by means?specified in the preceding paragraph,，?service may?be effected by?transmitting a diplomatic note?to the?diplomatic authorities of the?foreign State， and the service?shall be deemed to have been effected on?the date?of the issuance of the diplomatic note．
The?litigation documents served?by?means?specified in?the first and second paragraphs of this Article shall?be accompanied by copies of their translation into the?language stipulated in the international treaties to?which the foreign State and the?People’s Republic of China are contracting or acceding parties,， or，?in the absence of such treaties,， into the official language of the foreign State．
When serving a copy of the statement of claim on a foreign State,， the?foreign State shall， at the same time,， be notified to file a?defense within three months from the date of receipt?of the?copy?of the statement of claim．
A foreign State that filed a defense?on the merits of the case in proceedings?instituted against it?shall?not thereafter challenge the means by which the service of the litigation documents had been effected．
Article 18
If a foreign State on which the service of litigation documents is effected fails to appear before?a court of the People’s Republic of China within the time limit specified by the court,， the court shall， on its own motion,， find out whether the?foreign State enjoys jurisdictional immunity． The?court of the People’s Republic of China may render a default judgment on a case involving a foreign State which does not enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the People’s Republic of China?six months after the date on which the service of the litigation documents is effected．
A default judgment rendered by a court of the People’s Republic of China against a?foreign State shall be served in accordance with Article 17 of this Law．
The time limit for a foreign State to appeal a default judgment rendered by a court of the People’s Republic of China is six months from the date on which the service of the judgment is effected．
Article 19
The?courts?of the People’s Republic of China?shall?accept the?certifying documents issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs?of the People’s Republic of China on the following questions of fact concerning acts of State：
1．?whether the State?involved in?a case?constitutes?a foreign sovereign State as defined in sub－paragraph 1?of Article 2 of this Law,；
2．?whether and when the service of the?diplomatic note specified?in Article 17 of this Law?is?effected； and
3．?other questions of fact concerning acts of State．
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs?of the People’s Republic of China may provide an opinion?to the?courts of the People’s Republic of China?on issues concerning major national interests such as foreign affairs?other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph．
Article 20
The provisions of this Law shall not affect the privileges and immunities enjoyed by diplomatic missions,，?consular posts,， special missions， missions to international organizations,， delegations to international conferences?of a foreign State and members of the foregoing missions or delegations in accordance with the law of the People’s Republic of China and the international treaties to which the People’s Republic of China is a contracting or acceding party．
The provisions of this Law shall not affect the privileges and immunities enjoyed by heads of State,， heads of?government， foreign ministers and other officials of equivalent?status of a foreign State in accordance with the law of the People’s Republic of China,，?the international treaties to which the People’s Republic of China is a contracting or acceding party,， and international custom．
Article 21
If?the immunity accorded by a State to the People’s Republic of China and its property is less favorable than those?provided?by this Law， the People’s Republic of China applies?the principle of reciprocity．
Article 22
Where an international treaty?to which the People’s Republic of China is a contracting or acceding party provides?otherwise,， the provisions of the?international treaty?shall apply,， with the exception of provisions on which the People’s Republic of China has declared reservations．
Article 23
This Law shall come into force on January 1， 2024．
晉公網(wǎng)安備 14040202000002號